Energy In a local closed system, orderliness can arise without entropy increasing. However, the energy used to maintain this order will be transferred to an unusable form, hence causing entropy to increase outside the system.  In chemical reactions, entropy increases when Solids become liquid/gas products (or liquid becomes gas products) x moles of reactant molecules

Gel Electrophoresis Used in vector cloning (to isolate the gene of interest), RFLP (to compare fragments), DNA Sequencing Vector Cloning (Overview, RE) Required materials: pBluescript vector plasmid, Restriction Enzymes, Ligase, Bacteria Steps Cut donor DNA with restriction enzymes, find the targeted DNA fragment through gel electrophoresis  Remove section of pBluescript

PCR vs Vector Cloning Both amplify a sequence of DNA Vector Cloning is concerned with the protein as the end result, while PCR is only concerned with the DNA sequence. In fact, the sequence of concern in PCR might not even code for a protein. PCR replicates DNA through artificial methods, while Vector Cloning replicates DNA by exploiting bacteria's natural mechanisms. PCR

When transcribing from the student's perspective (not the RNA polymerase II), do the following: 1. Find 5'TATA3'. It will be on both coding and template strands. 2. Look 5' to 3' on each strand and find AATAA. This will be the coding strand. 3. Look for intronic sequence by focusing on one strand of the intronic sequence. Look for it by running in the same direction indicated